An International Holiday

As the predominant form of Christianity spread across Europe, Christmas expanded with it. The Catholic Church adopted the viewpoint that it was fitting to perpetuate a joyous festival in honor of Jesus' birthday. Accordingly, in 567 C.E., the Council of Tours "proclaimed the 12 days of Christmas to Epiphany as a sacred and festive season."--The Catholic Encyclopedia for School and Home.

Christmas soon absorbed many features from the profane harvest festivals of northern Europe. Merrymaking remained more common than piety as revelers indulged in gluttonous eating and drinking. Rather than speak out against the loose conduct, the church endorsed it. (Compare Romans 13:13, 1 Peter 4:3.) In 601 C.E., Pope Gregory I wrote to Mellitus, his missionary in England, telling him "not to stop such ancient pagan festivities, but to adapt them to the rites of the Church, only changing the reason of them from a heathen to a Christian impulse." Thus reports Arthur Weigall, who once was inspector general of antiquities for the Egyptian government.

During the Middle Ages, reform-minded individuals felt the need to speak out against such excesses. They sent out numerous decrees against "the abuses of Christmas merriment." Dr. Penne Restad, in her book Christmas in America--A History, says: "Some clergy stressed that fallen humankind needed a season of abandon and excess, as long as it was carried on under the umbrella of Christian supervision." This only added to the confusion.

It hardly mattered, though, for pagan customs were already so closely fused with Christmas that most people were unwilling to give them up. Writer Tristram Coffin put it this way: "People at large [were] doing just what they ha[d] always done and paying little attention to the debates of the moralists."

By the time Europeans began settling the New World, Christmas was a well-known holiday. Still, Christmas did not find favor in the colonies. Puritan reformers viewed the celebration as pagan and banned it in Massachusetts between 1659 and 1681.

After the ban was lifted, the celebration of Christmas increased throughout the colonies, particularly south of New England. In view of the holiday's past, however, it is not surprising that some were more concerned with having a good time than with honoring God's Son. One Christmas custom that was especially disruptive was that of wassailing. Rowdy bands of young men would enter the homes of wealthy neighbors and demand free food and drink in a trick-or-treat fashion. If the householder refused, he was usually cursed, and occasionally his house was vandalized.

Conditions in the 1820's worsened to the point that "Christmas misrule" became "an acute social threat," says Professor Nissenbaum. In cities like New York and Philadelphia, wealthy landowners began hiring watchmen to guard their estates. It is even said that New York city organized its first professional police force in response to a violent riot during the 1827/28 Christmas season!

Christmas Make-Over

The 19th century brought unprecedented changes to humankind. People, goods, and news began to travel much faster as a network of roads and railroads emerged. The industrial revolution created millions of jobs, and factories churned out a steady supply of merchandise. Industrialization also introduced new and complex social problems, which ultimately affected the way Christmas was celebrated.

People have long used holidays as a means to strengthen family ties, and so it is with Christmas. By selectively reworking some of the older Christmas traditions, its promoters effectively changed Christmas from a wild, carnivallike festival to a family-based holiday.

Indeed, by the late 19th century, Christmas came to be viewed as a sort of antidote to the ills of modern American life. "Of all holidays," says Dr. Restad, "Christmas was a perfect agency for transporting religion and religious feeling into the home and for righting the excesses and failures of the public world." She adds: "Gift-giving, gestures of charity, even the friendly exchange of a holiday greeting and the decoration and enjoyment of an evergreen tree set in a parlor or, later, a Sunday school hall, linked members of each nuclear family to one another, to church, and to society."

In a similar vein, many today celebrate Christmas as a means to affirm their love for one another and to help maintain family unity. Not to be overlooked, of course, are the spiritual dimensions. Millions of people celebrate Christmas in honor of Jesus' birth. They may attend special church services, put up Nativity scenes at home, or offer prayers of thanks to Jesus himself. But how does God view the matter? Do these things meet with his approval? Consider what the Bible has to say.

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